被动语态和主动语态
- 心理
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语态表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态,如:We speak Chinese in China.在中国我们说汉语如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态,如:Chinese is spoken by us in China.在中国汉语被我们说。
一、主动语态改成被动语态方法
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤:
1、 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语
2、 谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”,并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态
3主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by的短语可以省略)
例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
二、被动语态的用法:
1、 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
2、 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
3、 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
4、 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5、 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
6、 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
7、 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:
1、 不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2、 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.
3、 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to,但变为被动语态时,须加上to. 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4、 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
5、 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can't laugh at him. →He can't be laughed at by us.
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